What is a Traumatic Brain Injury?
About Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)
A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when an external force injures the brain, disrupting normal brain function. This can happen from a blow to the head, a fall, a car accident, a sports injury, or any event where the brain is rapidly shaken or penetrated.
TBI ranges in severity:
- Mild TBI (concussion): brief changes in mental status, headaches, dizziness, or confusion.
- Moderate to severe TBI: extended loss of consciousness, significant cognitive or physical impairments, and potential long‑term disability.
There are two main types of TBI:
- Closed (non‑penetrating) injuries, where the brain is damaged by sudden movement within the skull.
- Open (penetrating) injuries, where an object breaks through the skull and injures brain tissue.
Symptoms can affect thinking, memory, balance, speech, behavior, and sensory processing. Some effects appear immediately, while others develop over hours or days.
Treatment depends on the severity of the injury. Mild TBIs often require rest and monitoring, while more serious injuries may need emergency care, surgery, and long‑term rehabilitation such as physical, occupational, or speech therapy.
